Logo

Georgia's European Integration Perspective: Monograph

11.png
Veshapidze Shota

Doctor of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor, Iane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University.

Lela Jamagidze.png
Jamagidze, Lela

Doctor of Economics, Associate Professor, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

Levan Kereselidze.png
Kereselidze, Levan

Doctor of Business Administration, Assistant Professor, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

Ramaz Futkaradze.png
Putkaradze, Ramaz

Doctor of Economics, Associate Professor, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

Tina Daudishvili.png
Daudishvili, Tina

Master's student of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

Sofiko Kitashvili.jpg
Kitashvili, Sopiko

Master's student of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

Giorgi Megreladze.png
Megreladze, Giorgi

Doctoral student of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

Abstract

Georgia’s aspiration towards the European Union (EU), which represents a

unique integration, is vital for fostering its economic growth, development and

global competitiveness. A thorough analysis of the experiences of both EU member

and non-member countries can be helpful for Georgia to deepen its European

integration process. As a result, the country will be better positioned to transform

existing challenges into opportunities in a consistent and successful manner.

Situated at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, Georgia has long held a strategic

geopolitical position, enriched by its deep historical and cultural heritage. Since

gaining independence, the country has actively engaged in European integration

processes. The prospect of Georgia’s European integration encompasses multiple

dimensions. Among them the present study focuses on the agricultural and industrial

sectors, transport and trade infrastructure, investment growth, innovation,

and the harmonization of national legislation the EU standards.

A targeted and continuous commitment to European integration is essential,

as this process directly contributes to opening new opportunities for Georgia,

ensures stability, and fosters its resilient development. If this trajectory remains

irreversible, Georgia will be able to achieve an optimal synthesis of universal EU

values and standards. Consequently, integration with the EU will facilitate the

country’s transformation into a more secure, democratic, and sustainable society,

yielding economic benefits, improving social conditions and governance, and

strengthening political stability and security.

Today, Georgia faces an extraordinarily complex geopolitical environment.

One of the most significant roles of the country is to function as a bridge connecting

the West and the East—a role that is now more relevant than ever. To

fulfill this function effectively, a precise analysis of the geopolitical landscape is

required to maximize national benefits. Under the critical conditions Georgia

currently faces, integration with the European Union represents a key instrument

for safeguarding national interests. This integration should be pursued with

a clear understanding of its implications, ensuring the best possible relations with

neighboring states and the broader region.

Keywords: Deepening integration with Europe, turning challenges into opportunities, economic development and modernization of the agricultural sector, transport, trade relations, investments, harmonization of legislation, ensuring stability and sustainable developm

References

  1. Abashmadze, R., Muradian, E. (2024). Georgia in 2023: Report on the Country’s Economy. PB Services Georgia.
  2. Abesadze, R. (2022). The main directions of the Innovation Development Strategy of the Georgian Economy. Ekonomisti (2), 22-30.
  3. Abuselidze, G. (2021). Competitiveness Analysis of the Georgian Transport and Logistics System in the Black Sea Region: Challenges and Perspectives. Computational Science and Its Applications–ICCSA 2021: 21st International Conference. Cagliari, Italy.
  4. Abuselidze, G. (2019). European Integration of Georgia and Financial-economic Condition: Achievements and Challenges. European Journal of Sustainable Development, 8(1), 53-53.188
  5. Akhvlediani, T. (2022). Geopolitical and Security Concerns of the EU’s Enlargement to the East: The Case of Ukraine, Moldova and Georgia. Intereconomics, 57(4), 225-228.
  6. Aslamazishvili, N. (2021). Pandemic and Recent Trends in Balance of Payments: The Case of Georgia. Globalization and Business. 12, 94-102. https:// doi.org/10.35945/gb.2021.12.013
  7. Aslamazishvili, N. (2020). Georgia in the World of Coronomics: Threats and Challenges. Globalization and Business. 10, 94-102. https:// doi. org/10.35945/gb.2020.10.012
  8. Aslamazishvili, N. (2018). Balance of Payments of Georgia: Key Aspects of Its Analysis. Globalization and Business. 6, 136-143. https://doi. org/10.35945/gb.2018.06
  9. Arezki, R. (2022). Economics in the New Age of National Security. https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/will-global-fragmentation-produce-new-economic-thinking-by-rabah arezki-2022-08
  10. Animitsa, E.G., Animitsa, E.P. and Glumov, A.A. (2015). Import Substitution in the Industrial Production of the Region: Conceptual Theoretical and Applied Aspects. Ekonomika regiona, 3, 161-169. Association agreements between the EU and Moldova, Georgia and Ukraine. European Implementation Assessment.
  11. Asian Development Bank. (2022). Public-Private Partnership Handbook.
  12. Babuadze, N., Veshapidze, Sh. (2010). Some Aspects of Chinese Business Psychology. “New Economist”, No. 2. (In Georgian).
  13. Babuadze, N., Veshapidze, Sh. (2015). Shanghai Cooperation Organization: Will China Rival the US? “Historic Verticals N1. (In Georgian).
  14. Babuadze, N., Veshapidze, Sh., Kvatchadze, N. (2015). Confucianism and Taoism: Postulates, Principles, Precepts, Values. Business-engineering, N1. (In Georgian).
  15. Bauer, J. M. (2013). The Evolution of the European Regulatory Framework for Electronic Communications. IBEI Working Papers 2013/41 Telefonica Chair Series, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2509899 or http:// dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2509899
  16. Bedianashvili, G. (2023). Macrosystem Socioeconomic Challenges of the Post-pandemic Period. Proceedings of the National Scientific Conference: “The World Economy in the Post-Pandemic Period: Results and Challenges”. Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Faculty of Economics and Business. 41-46.
  17. Bedianashvili, G. (2018). Culture as a Factor in the Formation of the Knowledge Economy with the Systemic and Institutional Context of Paradigmatic Changes. Globalization and Business. 6, 58-66. DOI: 10.35945/ gb. 2018.06.007 6
  18. Bedianashvili, G. (2021). Macroeconomic and cultural determinants of the covid-19 pandemic crisis. Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences. 15(2):191-197.CAP 2023-2027. https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/common-agricultural-policy/cap-overview/cap-2023-27/key-policy-objectives-cap-2023-27_en
  19. Bedianashvili, G. (2022). The COVID-19 Pandemic, Globalization and the Socio-Economic System of the Country (Macro Aspect). Proceedings, p.38–42.
  20. Bount, A. (2016). The Expected Benefits of Trade Liberalization for World Income and Development, Opening the „Black Box“ of Global Trade Modeling. Food Policy Review, 8, IFPRI, Washington.

21. Cave, M., Genakos, C. Valletti, T. (2019). The European Framework for Regulating Telecommunications: A 25-year Appraisal. Rev Ind Organ 55, 47–62 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11151-019-09686-6

22. CERRE. (2024). Ideas for The Future of European Telecommunications Regulations. https://cerre.eu/publications/ideas-for-the-future-of-european-telecommunications-regulations/

23. Chowdhury, A., Garonna, P. (2007). Effective Foreign Aid, Economic Integration And Subsidiarity: Lessons from Europe. CASE Network Studies and Analyses No. 346.

24. Charnovitz, S. (2018). Resist az Protectionism: The Top Trade Priority for the G20 Rebuilding Global Trade, 2018.

25. Danelia, I. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 on Container Shipping Industry Case of Georgia. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.27147.00807

26. Danelia, I. (2021). Intercontinental Transportation of Containerized Cargo and The Middle Corridor. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.25469.28640. Conference: “Increasing the competitiveness of international rail transport in the

framework of TRACECA”.

27. de Streel, A. (2008). Current and future European regulation of electronic communications: A critical assessment, Telecommunications Policy, Elsevier, vol. 32(11), pages 722-734, December

28. Driskill, R. (2015). Deconstructing the Argument for Free Trade. Washington. 2015.

29. Douglas, A. Irwin (PIIE). (2020). Import substitution is making an unwelcome comeback

30. EC. (1996). Decision No 1692/96/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 1996 on Community guidelines for the development of the trans-European transport network

31. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/1996/1692/2010-08-25

32. Eichhammer, W., Boede, U., Gagelmann, F., Jochem, E., Kling, N., Schleich, J., Schlomann, B., (2001). Greenhouse Gas Reductions in Germany and the UK: Coincidence or Policy Induced? An Analysis for International Climate Policy. German Environment Ministry, Berlin

33. European Commission. (2008). Antitrust: Commission imposes € 899

million penalty. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/api/files/document/

print/en/ip_08_318/IP_08_318_EN.pdf

34. European Commission. (2019). A Clean Planet for All. A European Strategic

Long-term Vision for a Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral

Economy, COM/2018/773. Brussels.

35. European Commission. (2021). The Single Market Programme. https://

commission.europa.eu/funding-tenders/find-funding/eu-funding-programmes/

single-market-programme/overview_en

36. European Commission. (2023). State Aid Scoreboard. https://competition-

policy.ec.europa.eu/document/download/0b2037c5-c43f-4917-b654

f48f74444015_en?filename=state_aid_scoreboard_note_2023.pdf

37. European Commission. (2023b). Report on CAP Covering the 2023-

2027 Period Highlights Shift towards a Sustainable EU Farming Model. Brussels.

38. European Commission. (2024). In-depth Reviews of Strategic Areas

for Europe’s Interests. https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/

priorities-2019-2024/europe-fit-digital-age/european-industrial-strategy/

depth-reviews-strategic-areas-europes-interests_en

39. European Commission. (2024). Performance of the Agricultural Sector.

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Performance_

of_the_agricultural_sectorN:~:text=Highlights,the%20index%20

level%20in%202015.

40. European Commission. (2024). The European Green Deal. https://

commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-

green-deal_en

41. European Council. (2024). EU Industrial Policy. https://www.consilium.

europa.eu/en/policies/eu-industrial-policy/

42. European Investment Bank. (2022). European PPP Expertise Centre

Market Update.

43. European Parliament. (2009-2014). The Lisbon Strategy. https://www.

europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2009_2014/documents/empl/dv/lisbonstrategybn_/

lisbonstrategybn_en.pdf

44. European Union. (1985). Completing the Internal Market (White paper

of the European Communities).

45. European Union. (2024). EU IN GEORGIA. ENPARD - EU for Georgia. eu-4georgia.eu

46. Eurostat. (2024). Industrial Production (volume) Index Overview.

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Industrial_

production_(volume)_index_overviewNDevelopment_of_main_industrial_

groupings_and_individual_industries

47. Eurostat. (2025). Gross Value Added and Income by Main Industry.

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nama_10_a10__custom_

10313759/default/table?lang=en

48. Fransman, M. (1995). Japan’s Computer and Communications Industry:

The Evolution of Industrial Giants and Global Competitiveness. Oxford: Oxford

University Press.

49. Gaghanidze, G. (2019). Export Growth: The Necessity of Creating New

Export Products. “Globalization and Business”, volume 4 N7.

50. Grotz, C. (2005). Handbook of Renewable Energies in the European

Union: Case Studies of the EU-15 States / Second ed. Frankfurt: Peter Lang Verlag.

51. Gaganidze, G. (2018). Foreign Trade of Georgia, Moldova and the Ukraine

with the European Union after Signing the Association Agreement. Ecoforum

Journal, Volume 7, Issue 1(14).

52. Garakanidze, Z; Bilynska, M. (2024). Exploring Individual Resilience

as A Component of National Resilience In Ukraine During The Wartime. Business-

Engineering, N3-4, 2024. pp.11-16; https://business engineering. bpengi.

com/home/2024/number-03-04;

53. Garakanidze, Z; Bilynska, M. (2024). Possible New Role of the GTS

(Ukraine) for the EU Energy Security. Bucharest, Romania. https://www.geopolitic.

ro/2024/09/possible-new-role-gts-ukraine-eu-energy-security/;

54. Garakanidze, Z; Garakanidze, N. (2023). The Prospect of Turning Georgia

into A Gas Hub. Business-Engineering, N1-2, https://business-engineering.

bpengi.com /home /2023/ number-01-02. pp.34-40; https://drive.google.com

/file/d/ 1BW0qEDPR9OjlPKZXqBIoFIPuJ8Vs1Sr7/view;

55. Garakanidze, Z.; Garakanidze, N. (2023). Whether or Not Regional Gas

Hub Is Formed on The Black Sea? Bucharest, Romania. http://www.geopolitic.

ro/2023/05/whether-not-regional-gas-hub-formed-black-sea/

56. Garakanidze, Z., Garakanidze, N. (2018). Ekonomichnyj separatyzm ta

joho vyiavlennia [Economic Separatism and its Detection]. Bulletin of the NAPA,

Series “Рublic Аdministration”,3 (90), 2018, Kiev, Ukraine. pp. 32-42; http://

visnyk.academy.gov.ua/pages/dop/81/files/1c61030f-cfd0-49b0-b853-32e88ee63f54.pdf

57. Garakanidze, Z. and Pavliashvili, S., 2024. Demonopolization of the EU Gas Market in the Conditions of the Russia-Ukraine War. Economics & Business (1987-5789), (2).

58. Gvelesiani, M., Veshapidze, S. (2016). European Values: What Can We Implement from Them and How Can We Implement Them in Georgia. “Globalization & Business”. (1). 40-46. (InGeorgian).

59. Gvelesiani, M., Veshapidze, S. (2016). Values: Limits and Contradictions. Globalization & Business, (1). 35-39. (In Georgian).

60. IEA. (2017). World Energy Outlook 2017: Executive Summary. OECD/IEA

61. Jamagidze, L. (2016). B/Orders and Economic Integration Preferences:

The Case of Georgia. Ecoforum Journal, 5(3).

62. Jamagidze, L. (2020). Non-Tariff Measures and Georgia-EU Trade

Integration Prospects. Інноваційні Стратегії Та Моделі Економічних

Трансформацій В Умовах Євроінтеграційних Викликів, in Socio-Economic

Development and Mechanisms Their Implementation in The Global Dimension:

Collective monograph / edited by M. Bezpartochnyi, in 3 Vol. // VUZF University

of Finance, Business and Entrepreneurship. Sofia

63. Jamagidze, L. (2022). Georgia-Romania Economic Cooperation and the

New Regional Challenges. EURINT, 9(1), 133-150.

64. Jamagidze, L. (2023). Structural Transformation, Trade and Development:

Georgia in Comparative Perspective. Centre for European Studies (CES)

Working Papers 15(3).

65. Jibuti, M., Melua, D. (2023). The European Perspective of Local Self-Government

in Georgia (Political Economy Aspects). Bulletin of the Georgian National

Academy of Sciences, 17(3), 121-127.

66. Karagoz, M. (2015). Comparative Performances of EU-15 and Turkey: a

PIN Analysis. Applied Economics Letters, 23(1), 19–22.

67. Karchava, L., Veshapidze S., ChHiabrishvili, K. (2023). Economic Perspective

of Establishing Strategic Partnership Between China And Georgia. DOI

suffix: 10.36962/NEC18032023-7. The New Economist N 3 (2023), Vol 18, Issue

3 (In Georgian).

68. Kharaishvili, E; Gechbaia, B.; Tsiklashvili, N.; Katamadze, G. (2024). Digital

Transformation of the Agricultural Sector and Its Impact on Productivity

in Georgia. BIO Web Conf., 114 (2024) 01002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/

bioconf/202411401002

69. Khikhadze, L. (2018). The World Trading Organization’s Mission in the

Conditions of Globalization and its Influence on the Transitional Economical

Countries, World Economy and International Economic Relations, International

Scientific Collection, Kiev

70. Knight, D. M. (2017). The Green Economy as a Sustainable Alternative?

Anthropology Today: Volume 33, Issue 5, 28-31.

80. Komor, P. (2004). Renewable Energy Policy. New York: iUniverse Inc.

71. Lipp, J. (2007). Lessons for Effective Renewable Electricity from Denmark,

Germany and the United Kingdom. Energy Policy № 35, 5481–5495.

72. Maghradze, Z. (2022). By this year, caravans with cargo worth 35 trillion

dollars will arrive in Georgia. Parallel. July 22, (In Georgian). https://tinyurl.

com/2s4978kf

73. Mearsheimer, J. J. (2018). Great Delusion: Liberal Dreams and International

Realities. Yale University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv5cgb1w

74. Movsesiani, A., Ognivtsev, S. (2004). World Economy. Volume II. Tbilisi.

(In Georgian).

75. Nebulishvili, G., Keshelava, D. (2023). The Door of Opportunities

Has Opened: What Economic Benefits Should We Expect from Obtaining EU

Candidate Status? https://iset-pi.ge/ka/blog/3405-unlocking-opportunities-

the-economic-benefits-of-eu-candidate-status-for-georgia

76. Noam, E. (1992). Telecommunications in Europe, Oxford University

Press, New York, NY. 523

77. OECD. (2016). CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion: Highlights. Paris:

OECD/IEA.

78. Papava, V. (2016). Georgia’s Choice: the European Union or the Eurasian

Economic Union. GFSIS, Expert Opinion, 57, https://gfsis.org.ge/files/library/

opinion-papers/57-expert-opinion-eng.pdf.

79. Papava, V. (2018). Assessment of Economic Growth in the Post-Communist

Members of the European Union and the Eastern Partnership States (May

23, 2018). GFSIS Expert Opinion 101.

80. Papava, V. (2018). The Economics in Crisis and the Main Directions for

Transformation of Economic Science. Transformations, 3-4(98-99): 90-108.

81. Papava, V. (2020). Unconventional Economics: Methodology and Methods.

Tbilisi, Publishing House of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, 420

p.191

82. Papava, V. (2020). Becoming European: Challenges for Georgia in the

Twenty-First Century. iUniverse. Bloomington.

83. Papava, V. (2020). Georgia’s European Way During the Period of Pandemic

Deglobalization. Rondeli Blog, August 6, https://gfsis.org.ge/blog/

view/1091.

84. Papava, V. (2021). On Pseudo De-Globalization, Silk Road of Global

Value Chains and Role of Georgia. Eurasia Review, October 18, https://www.

eurasiareview.com/18102021-on-pseudo-de-globalization-silk-road-of-global-

value-chains-and-role-of-georgia-oped/.

85. Papava, V., Ckuaseli, M. (2021). Coronomics, Financial Support for the

Economy and its Zombie-ing (In the Context of the Fifth Factor of Production).

Finance: Theory and Practice, 25(5), 6-23, DOI: 10.26794/2587-5671-2021-

25-5-6-23. https://financetp.fa.ru/jour/article/view/1319/869.

86. Papava, V. (2022). Pandemic, War and Economic Sanctions: From Turbulent

to Confrontational Globalization. Eurasia Review, May 23, Available at:

https://www.eurasiareview.com/23052022-pandemic-war-and-economic-

sanctions-from-turbulent-to-confrontational-globalization-oped/.

87. Papava, V. (2022). On Economic Growth in the G20 Countries in 2022,

Adjusted for the Catch-Up Effect. Eurasia Review, August 4. Available at: https://

www.eurasiareview.com/04082022-on-economic-growth-in-g20-countriesin-

2022-adjusted-for-catch-up-effect-analysis/.

88. Papava, V. (2022). On the Main Challenges of the Architecture Transformation

of the World Economy. Eurasia Review, March 31, Available at: https://

www.eurasiareview.com/31032022-on-the-main-challenges-of-the-architecture-transformation-of-the-world-economy-oped/?fbclid=IwAR1Q-caff BiPLQh121S5SVHxXZiJG0ALCBAiSptdq5pNjduMmqtZPvcal0

89. Papava, V. (2022). Pandemic, War and Economic Sanctions: From

Turbulent to Confrontational Globalization. Eurasia Review, May 23, https://

www.eurasiareview.com/23052022-pandemic-war-and-economic-sanctions-

from-turbulent-to-confrontational-globalization-oped/.

90. Papava, V. (2022). On Sanctionomics. Eurasia Review, March 14. Available

at: https://www.eurasiareview.com/14032022-on-sanctionomics-oped.

91. Papava, V. (2022). Cold War vs. Hot War in 2022. Eurasia Review, February 28. Available at: https://www.eurasiareview.com/28022022-cold-war-vshot- war-in-2022-oped

92. Papava, V., Maisaia, V. (2023). On Economic Security under Confrontational

Globalization and the Main Concepts of Geo-Economic Warfare. Bulletin

of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences, 17(3), 116-120.

93. Pavliashvili, S. and Tokmazishvili, M., 2024. MODERNIZING FARMERS'EDUCATION IN THE EU: CHALLENGES AND APPROACHES. German International Journal of Modern Science/Deutsche Internationale Zeitschrift für Zeitgenössische Wissenschaft, (82).

94. Pavliashvili, S. and Tokmazishvili, M., 2024. Challenges of farmers' education system in Georgia. Foundations and Trends in Modern Learning, (5).

95. Pavliashvili, S. and Garakanidze, Z., 2024. The Impact of the Russia-Ukraine War on the EU Gas Spot Market. Economics & Business (1987-5789), 16(1).

96. Pavliashvili, S. and Tokmazishvili, M., 2024. GLOBAL ECONOMIC AND LEGAL PROBLEMS OF INTRODUCING THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY AND GEORGIA. Norwegian Journal of development of the International Science No, 145, p.51.

97. Putkaradze, R. (2010). Perspectives of Georgia-European Union Trade

Relacions. Istanbul International Annual Conference on the Economic Cooperation

and Development within the Black Sea Basin Countries. Donetsk Nacional

University. Collection of Scientific Works. Part I. Istanbul-Donetck. S. 123-127.

98. Putkaradze, R. (2015). Historical Aspects of Trade and Economic Relations

between Georgia and the European Union. ZeszytyNaukowe UNIWERSYTETU

PRZYRODNICZO-HUMANISTYCZNEGO w SIEDLCACH Seria: AdministracjaiZarządzanie.

Scientific Journal, Nr 107. pp. 97-105

99. Putkaradze, R. (2018). Pressing Issues of Economic Integration of Croatia

And Georgia. Науковий журнал. ВІСНИК. Scientific journal, HERALD. of

Khmelnytskyi National University, Economic sciences, Issue 5, Part 1 (262).

Хмельницький, 2018. p.11-13.

100. Putkaradze, R. (2018). Trade Relations Between Georgia And The European

Union After Signing The Association Agreement. South East European

University. 2nd International Scientific Conference on Business and Economics.

May 25. conf.seeu.edu.mk. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS. Tetovo, Republic of

Macedonia. p. 183-188.

101. Putkaradze, R. (2019). Georgia in the European Union’s Eastern Partnership

Countries: Historical Aspects and Challenges. Journal, Ecoforum Journal.

Volume 8, Issue 1(18).

102. Putkaradze, R. Chania, M. (2018). The Priorities of Georgian Economic

Development in Conditions of Globalization. European Journal of Marketing and

Economics, v. 1, n. 1, p. 63-66, july.

103. Rodrik, D. (2022). Beware Economists Bearing Policy Paradigms, May

11, 2021. https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/economic-policy-

must-abandon-universal-paradigms-by-dani-rodrik-2021-05

104. Rodrik, D. (2021). Beware Economists Bearing Policy Paradigms. Project

Syndicate.

105. Sartania, T. (2023). Stimulating Factors for the Integration of Georgia’s

Economy into the European Union Bull. Georg. Natl. Acad. Sci, 17(4), 163-168

106. Sepashvili, E. (2017). Eastern Partnership Integration with the EU and

Inclusive Growth of National Economies. Management Dynamics in the Knowledge

Economy, 5(3), 439-453.

107. Shaburishvili, S. (2011). Peculiarities of Georgian Foreign Trade with

the European Union. Bulletin of Khmelnitsky National University, 2, 252-254.

108. Shanava, Z. (2022). Conflict in Ukraine and Global Challenges. Scientific

Collection «InterConf», (114), 406-414.

109. Shanava, Z. (2022). Black Sea Region and Economic Security Within The

Frame Of Developing National Defense Capabilities. Interconf, 888-892.

110. Shanava, Z. (2021). Integration Policy of Georgia in The EuropeAn Union

Into Transport Network Development. InterConf, 13-18.

111. Shengelia, T. (2017). Fundamental Methodological Issues of Ilia

Chavchavadze’s Doctrine and Modernity. The New Economist, 48(5), 68-73.

112. Shengelia, T. (2018). Social Capital of Dominant Ethnic Groups and Its

Impact on Business.

113. Shengelia, T. (2019). Research methodology and the impact of social entrepreneurship

on the solution of social problems in Georgia.

114. Shengelia, T., Berishvili, K., Jganjgava, K. (2022). Improving the Methodology

of Measuring Social Capital in International Companies. Sciences of Europe,

(97), 15-18.

115. Sichinava, A., Chikava, M., Veshapidze, S., Sekhniashvili, D., Pailodze, N.

(2013). Realities of internationalization of higher education in Georgia.

116. Silagadze, A. (2022). Contemporary Global Economic Trends: Transitional

Economies during Covid-Depression Bull. Georg. Natl. Acad. Sci, 16(3),

130-135

117. Silagadze, A. (2011). Economic Teachings, Ilia Chavchavadze and Modernity-

“Actual problems of Historical and economic Teachings “. “VZFEI”, pp.71 -77.

118. Silagadze, A. (2022). Economics Contemporary Global Economic Trends: Transitional Economies during Covid-Depression. Bulletin Of The Georgian National Academy Of Sciences, vol. 16, no. 3, p. 130–135.

119. Silagadze, A., Atanelishvili, T. (2010). Aspects of Economic Doctrines

in Georgia. Peninsula University of Technology, Business and Informatics. San

Francisco (USA).

120. Silagadze, A., Atanelishvili T., Silagadze N. (2022). Covid Depression and

Search for a New Paradigm. Bulletin of The Georgian National Academy of Sciences,

16(1): 121-125.

121. Silagadze, A., Zubiashvili, T. (2015). Parameters of the European Union

and the Post-Soviet Georgia’s Economy. Refereed International Journal of Business

and Management Studies (IJBMS).

122. Sulukhia, T., Tskhomelidze, E., Julakhidze, M., Papava, G. (2023). European

Future and Your Expected Well-being. https://iset-pi.ge/en/blog/3299-

georgias-european-future-and-prospects-for-your-well-beingThe European

Green Deal. https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-

2019-2024/european-green-deal_en

123. Thatcher, M. (1999).The Politics of Telecommunications: National Institutions,

Convergence, and Change in Britain and France. Oxford; New York :

Oxford University Press

124. United Nations General Assembly. (2015). Seventieth Session. Agenda

Items 15 and 116. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 25 September

2015. Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

https://undocs.org/A/RES/70/1

125. Veshapidze, S. (1999). Ilia Chavchavadze’s economic research methodology

and current issues of modern economic development. Tbilisi Socio-Economic

Institute. P. 296. ISBN: 99928-0-015-1. (In Georgian).

126. Veshapidze, S. (2017). The Traditions Orientated on European Values In

Georgia. Sciences of Europe, (13-4), 14-18.

127. Veshapidze, S. (2022). Ilia Chavchavadze on the Methodological Aspects

of Economic Processes Research and Modernity.

128. Veshapidze, S., Bakhtadze, L., Putkaradze, R., Kharitonashvili, J., Danelia,

I., Lominashvili, M., Chantladze, N. (2024). Modern International Economic Relations

of Georgia. Smarty (in Georgian)

129. Veshapidze, S., Chiabrishvili, K., Zubiashvili, T., Zoidze, G. (2021). On

the Relationship between Education and Economic Security. Ecoforum Journal,

10(3).

130. Veshapidze, S., Kitashvili, S. (2024). Georgia’s European Integration Perspective.

Ekonomisti. 2 (XX), 94-112 p ISSN 1987-6890 e ISSN 2346-8432

131. Veshapidze, S., Kitashvili, S. (2025). The Importance and Benefits of theEU single market for Georgia. The New Economist, 19(3), 60-73.

132. Veshapidze, S., Kereselidze, L., Tsirdava, N. (2024). Decarbonization of

Energy and Challenges of Sustainable Development of Georgia. Ekonomisti 4. p

ISSN 1987-6890 e ISSN 2346-8432

133. Veshapidze, S., Karchava, L. (2022). Contradictions of Globalization under

the COVID-19 Pandemic. Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences,

16(4), 152-157.

134. Veshapidze, S., Mchedlishvili, Z. (2021). Ilia Chavchavadze about Competition.

World economy and international economic relations, Vol. 4. Pp. 91-95.

135. Veshapidze, S., Megreladze, G. (2024). Prospects for the development of

Georgia’s trade with the European Union. The New Economist, 19(2), 11-223.

ISSN 1512-4649(Print) ISSN 2667-9752(Online)

136. Veshapidze, S., Otinashvili, R., Gvarutsidze, A., Abuselidze, G., Zoidze

G. (2022). Modern Technologies to Overcome the Challenges of Globalization.

Entrepreneurship. Volume: 10, Number: 2.https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-

detail?id=1074987

137. Veshapidze, S., Sekhniashvili, D. (2021). The Importance of Capital Market

Development for Improving the Investment Ecosystem in Georgia. World

Economy and International Economic Relations, Vol. 4. p. 64-72.

138. Veshapidze, S., Zoidze, G. (2022). Value Choices of the Community in

the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.

6373197

139. Veshapidze, S., Zoidze, G. (2022). On State Intervention in the Economy

through the Budget in Georgia. World Economy and International Economic

Relations. International Scientific Collection. Vol. 5. Kyiv. CUL. https://doi.

org/10.5281/zenodo.5807500.

140. Veshapidze, S., Zoidze, G., Berishvili, K. (2021). The Economic Determinant

of the Education System. Sciences of Europe, (81-2), 6–12. DOI: https://

doi.org/10.24412/3162-2364-2021-81-2-6-12

141. Veshapidze, S., Zoidze, G. (2021). Institutional Evolution of Higher

Education in Georgia. The New Economist, 16(2), 1–1. DOI: https://doi.

org/10.36962/NEC6102202133

142. Veshapidze, S., Zoidze, G. (2022). Value Choices of the Community in

the Context of the Covid-19 Pandemic URI: http://dspace.tsu.ge/xmlui/handle/

123456789/1405

143. Veshapidze, S., Zubiashvili, T. (2021). About Population Growth and

Global Problems. VI International Scientific Conference: “Challenges of Globalization

in Economics and Business”, Tbilisi, 2021, pp. 148-155

144. Veshapidze, S., Zubiashvili, T., Chiabrishvili, K. (2021). Globalization and

New Opportunities for Georgia. Globalization and Business. 12, 32-36. https://

doi.org/10.35945/gb.2021.12.003

145. Wallerstein I. (2011). The modern world-system III: the second era of

great expansion of the capitalist world-economy, 1730s–1840s (Vol. 3). Univ of

California Press. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London.

146. World Bank. (2023). Introduction to Public-Private Partnerships.

https://ppp.worldbank.org/public-private-partnership/PPP_Online_Reference_

Guide/Introduction

147. Welton, G. (2023). One Step Closer to Europe – What Does EU Candidate

Status Mean for Georgia’s Economic Development? https://georgiatoday.ge/

one-step-closer-to-europe-what-does-eu-candidate-status-mean-for-georgiaseconomic-

development/

148. World Economic Forum. (2017). The Global Risks Report 2017: 12th

Edition. Geneva.

149. World Economic Forum. (2019). Global Competitiveness Report.

150. Zoidze, G. (2020). Georgian Agro-sphere Development Priorities and

Ways of Carrying out Some Improvements. Myśl Ekonomiczna i Polityczna, (2

(69), 55-71.

151. Zoidze, G. (2021). Importance of Euro-Atlantic Integration: Democracy,

Security and Economic Development. Three Seas Economic Journal, 2(3), 1-7.

152. Zoidze, G. (2023). Strategic Directions of Balanced Economic

Growth of Entrepreneurial Entities. Journal of Innovations and Sustainability,

7(1), 01-01.

153. Zoidze, G., Abuselidze, G. (2023). Importance of Healthcare Economy on

Sustainable Development of the Country. Access to Science, Business, Innovation

in Digital Economy, 60-70.

154. Zoidze, G., Abuselidze, G., Veshapidze, S. (2023). Economic Vulnerability

of Small Powers. Journal of Geography, Politics and Society, 13(3), 1-12

155. Zoidze, G., Tkhilaishvili, G. (2021). Prospects of intermodal transportation

and logistics channels development for Georgia. In Proceedings of 25th

International Scientific Conference. Transport Means.

156. Zoidze, G., Veshapidze, S. (2022). The Modern Economy and Values.

Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 125.

157. Zoidze, G., Veshapidze, S. (2022). Transformation of Economic Policy

Priorities under Covid-19. Three Seas Economic Journal, 3(2), 35-43.

158. Zubiashvili, T. Aspects of Post-Soviet Economy Against the Background

of the Associate Agreement With the European Union. Refereed International Journal Ecoforum. Vol. 6. №1, 2017 http://www.ecoforumjournal.ro/index.

php/eco/article/view/560

159. Zubiashvili, T. Contemporary Migratory Situation in Georgia. Refereed

International Journal of Multidisciplinary Thought (IJMT), Volume 5, No 4. 2015,

USA. pp. 25-32. http://universitypublications.net/ijmt/0504/pdf/B5R172.pdf

160. Zubiashvili, T. Forced Migration in Georgia and its Social and Demographic

Consequences. Refereed International Journal: Humanities and Social

Sciences Review, Volume 03, Number 03, 2014, USA. pp. 419-423. http://www.

universitypublications.net/hssr/0303/html/V4Z359.xml

161. Zubiashvili, T., Veshapidze, Sh. (2019). Labor Emigration and Employment

in Georgia. (Co-authorship). Humanities and Social Sciences Review, Volume

09, Number 01, USA. pp. 127-136. http://www.universitypublications.

net/hssr/0901/html/E9X94.xml

162. Ворона, А. А., Колпаков, Д. А. (2023). Тенденции и перспективы раз-

вития бесшовной мультимодальной логистики. Вестник евразийской на-

уки № 2, 64.

163. Иншакова, А. (2012). Принципы правового обеспечения свобод об-

щего рынка в транспортной политике ЕС. Вестник Пермского универси-

тета. Юридические науки. № 3., 242-251.

164. Кислицына, Н. (2019). Транспортная политика Европейского сою-

за: прошлое, настоящее, будущее. Обозреватель. № 7 (354), 82-92.

165. Комов, М. (2024). О возможности использования опыта Европейско-

го союза в формировании единого транспортного пространства в Евразий-

ском экономическом союзе. Экономические отношения Том 14. – № 4..

166. Лесняков, А. (2018). Совершенствование механизма формирова-

ния единого транспортного пространства на территории Евразийского

экономического союза : на примере автомобильных грузовых перевозок.

диссертация,.. кандидата экономических наук.

167. Международные экономические отношения в глобальной эконо-

мике: М43 учебник для вузов / И. Н. Платонова [и др.]; под общей редвк-

цией И. Н. Платоновой. Москва. Издательство Юрайт, 2020. 528 с.

168. Современные международные экономические отношения в эпоху

постбиполярности: монография / Т.М.Исаченко, Л.С.Ревенко, И.Н.Плато-

нова [и др.]; под общей редакцией Т.М.Исаченко; Моск. гос. ин-т междунар.

отношений (ун-т) МИД России, кафедра международных экономических

отношений и внешнеэкономических связей имени Н.Н.Ливенцева. — Мо-

сква: МГИМО-Университет, 2020. – 771, [1] с.

Published Date:

28/04/2025